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Intersectionality

Art about how race, gender, class, sexuality and other identities overlap to shape experience and exclusion.

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Intersectionality describes how race, gender, class, sexuality and other identities overlap, so that a Black woman can face exclusion that neither racism nor sexism alone explains. Kimberlé Crenshaw named the idea in 1989, but activists and artists were already working with it: the Combahee River Collective's statement of 1977 set out the interlocking oppressions Black lesbian feminists faced.

Such art often exposes gaps in movements claiming to speak for everyone. Faith Ringgold painted For the Women's House (1971) for the women's jail on Rikers Island, and Betye Saar armed a mammy figure with a rifle in The Liberation of Aunt Jemima (1972). Howardena Pindell's video Free, White and 21 (1980) answered racism within the women's movement, and Lorna Simpson's Guarded Conditions (1989) pairs a Black woman's turned back with the words ‘sex attacks’ and ‘skin attacks’. Natalie Ball draws on her Klamath and Modoc heritage in layered assemblages.

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